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Baker P.K (1990): I hear voices and I'm glad to! Critical Public Health, No. 4, 1990, pp 21 27
Baker P.K (1995): Accepting the Inner Voices, Nursing Times, Vol. 91, No 31, 1995, pp 59
Further information here
Baker P.K (1996) The Voice Inside: a practical guide to coping: Mind Publications
Full text here
Baker PK (1996) Can you hear me, a research and practice summary, Handsell UK
Professor Phil Barker (ed) (1999): Talking cures: a guide to the psychotherapies, Nursing Times Books, ISBN 1-902499-10-7
Further information here
Barret T.R and Etheridge J.B (1992) Verbal hallucinations in Normals I: People who hear voices Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 6, pp. 379-387
Abstract and further information here
David Batty (1997): The voices of reason, Nursing Times, vol 93, no 15
Batty DM (1997): "I still hear the priest occasionally but he's only a minor voice now", The Independent, July 1
Vanessa Beavan, John Read and Claire Cartwright (2006)Angels at our tables: A summary of the findings from a 3-year research project into New Zealanders’ Experiences of Hearing Voices, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Full paper here
Bauer S (1970): The function of hallucinations: an enquiry into the relationship of hallucinatory experience to create thought, Origin and Mechanisms of Hallucinations, Keup W (ed), New York, Plenum
Bentall R.P., Jackson H.J & Pilgrim D. (1988): Abandoning the concept of "schizophrenia: Some implications of validity arguments for psychological research into psychotic phenomena British Journal of Clinical Psychology, No. 27, pp. 303 324
Vanessa Beavan1, John Read2 and Claire Cartwright
Bentall R.P. et al. (1988) Sensory deception: towards a scientific analysis of hallucinations. Croom Helm, London
Bentall R.P., Claridge G.S. & Slade P.D (1989): The Multidimensional Nature of Schizotypal traits: A factor analytic study with normal subjects, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol.?
Bentall R.P (1990): The illusion of Reality: a review and integration of psychological research into psychotic hallucinations, Psychological Bulletin, no. 107, pp. 82 95
Bentall R.P. (1990) Reconstructing Schizophrenia
Bentall R.P., Kaney S & Dewey. M (1991), Paranoia and Social Reasoning: An Attribution Theory Analysis, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, No. 30, pp.13 23
Bentall R.P., Haddock G. and Slade P.D (1994): Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations: from theory to therapy, Behavioural Psychotherapy No. 25, pp. 51 56
Bentall R.P and Slade P.D. (1995), Reliability of a scale for measuring disposition towards hallucinations: a brief report, Person. Individ. Diff. Vol 6, No. 4, pp. 527 529
Berrios, G. E., Brook, P. , Visual Hallucinations and Sensory Delusions in the Elderly British Journal of Psychiatry, June 1984, 144, 662–664
Abstract
One hundred and fifty successive referrals to a psychogeriatrician were assessed for visual hallucinations. Forty-four (29.33 per cent) patients reported visual perceptual disturbances. No differences between hallucinators and non-hallucinators were found in terms of sex, age, length of illness, underlying psychiatric diagnosis or cognitive score. There was a significant correlation between presence of hallucinations and eye pathology (less than .001) and delusions (less than .001). The phenomenological characteristics of the visual hallucinations are analyzed. The "picture" sign is described in 7 patients and the Charles Bonnet syndrome in two. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Bettes B. A. & Walker, E. (1987) Positive and negative symptoms in psychotic and other psychiatrically disturbed children. Journal of Childhood Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 555-568
M. Birchwood; A Meaden; P. Trower; P. Gilbert; J. Plaistow; (2000): The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine. Vol 30 (2), 337-344
Background. A preliminary report by the authors suggested that the range of affect generated by voices (anger, fear, elation) was linked not to the form, content or topography of voice activity, but to the beliefs patients held about them, in particular their supposed power and authority. We argued that this conformed to a cognitive model; that is, voice beliefs represent an attempt to understand the experience of voices, and cannot be understood by reference to the form/content of voices alone. This study puts this cognitive model to empirical test.
Methods. Sixty-two voice hearers conforming to ICD-10 schizophrenia or schizoaffective diagnoses were interviewed and completed standardized measures of voice activity; beliefs about voices and supporting evidence, coping behaviour; affect and depression.
Results. Beliefs about the power and meaning of voices showed a close relationship with coping behaviour and affect (malevolent voices were associated with fear and anger and were resisted; benevolent voices were associated with positive effect and were engaged) and accounted for the high rate of depression in the sample (53%). Measures of voice form and topography did not show any link with behaviour or affect and in only one-quarter of cases did neutral observers rate voice beliefs as following directly from voice content.
Conclusion. The study found support for our cognitive model and therapeutic approach. Factors governing the genesis of these key beliefs remain unknown. A number of hypotheses are discussed, which centre around the possibility that voice beliefs develop as part of an adaptive process to the experience of voices, and are underpinned by core beliefs about the individuals self-worth and interpersonal schemata.
Lisa Blackman (2001): Hearing voices, embodiment and experience , Free Association Books, London, ISBN 1 85343 3
Patrick Bracken, Philip Thomas (2001): Postpsychiatry: A new direction for mental health. British Medical Journal, 322, 724-727
Brugger, Peter; Regard, Marianne; Landis, Theodor; Oelz, Oswald (1999) Hallucinatory Experiences in Extreme-Altitude Climbers Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology, Jan. 1999, 12 (1), 67–71
Abstract
This study attempted a systematic investigation of incidence, type, and circumstances of anomalous perceptual experiences in a highly specialized group of healthy subjects, extreme-altitude climbers.
BACKGROUND:
There is anecdotal evidence for a high incidence of anomalous perceptual experiences during mountain climbing at high altitudes.
METHOD:
In a structured interview, we asked eight world-class climbers, each of whom has reached altitudes above 8500 m without supplementary oxygen, about hallucinatory experiences during mountain climbing at various altitudes. A comprehensive neuropsychological, electroencephalographic, and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation was performed within a week of the interview (8).
RESULTS:
All but one subject reported somesthetic illusions (distortions of body scheme) as well as visual and auditory pseudohallucinations (in this order of frequency of occurrence). A disproportionately large number of experiences above 6000 m as compared to below 6000 m were reported (relative to the total time spent at these different altitudes). Solo climbing and (in the case of somesthetic illusions) life-threatening danger were identified as probable triggers for anomalous perceptual experiences. No relationship between the number of reported experiences and neuropsychological impairment was found. Abnormalities in electroencephalographic (3 climbers) and magnetic resonance imaging (2 climbers) findings were likewise unrelated to the frequency of reported hallucinatory experiences.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results confirm earlier anecdotal evidence for a considerable incidence of hallucinatory experiences during climbing at high altitudes. Apart from hypoxia, social deprivation and acute stress seem to play a role in the genesis of these experiences.
Buccheri, R., Trygstad, L., Kanas, N., Waldron, B., & Dowling, G. (1996). Auditory
hallucinations in schizophrenia: Group experience in examining symptom management and behavioural strategies. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 34, 12
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