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Adam James (2001), Raising our Voices: History of the Voice hearing movement, Handsell UK
Jaynes J: The origin of consciousness and the breakdown of the bicameral mind: (1976) Houghton Mifflin, Boston
Jaynes, Julian Verbal Hallucinations and Preconscious Mentality Philosophy and Psychopathology, pp. 157-170 Manfred Spitzer and Brendan H. Maher, eds. New York: Springer Verlag, 1990
Verbal hallucinations were studied in a variety of groups. In a sample of hospitalized schizophrenics and a sample of homeless people on the streets on New York City, such voices were often multiple, critical in women, but more often commands in men, and commonly religious. In a carefully randomized sample of normal college students, a questionnaire study revealed that almost a third had "clearly heard a voice when no one had spoken to me." The voices were identified as parents, friends, dead relatives, or God. From a study of "imaginary playmates," it was concluded that verbal hallucinations were occurring here also. And a non-verbal group of congenital quadriplegics, who had never spoken but with whom communication would be established, heard voices they identified as God, such voices being usually helpful. Parallels were then drawn between modern verbal hallucinations and what is revealed in ancient texts. Ancient civilizations seem to have been governed by such hallucinations called gods, a mentality known as the bicameral mind. It was concluded that the reason verbal hallucinations are found so extensively, in every modern culture, in normal students, schizophrenics, children, and vividly reported in the texts of antiquity is that such hallucinations are an innate propensity, genetically evolved as the basis of an ancient preconscious mentality.
Jaynes, Julian Hearing Voices and the Bicameral Mind Behavioral and Brain Sciences, September 1986, Vol. 9 (3): 526-527
Discusses auditory verbal hallucinations (VHs) from the viewpoint of case examples, historical evidence, evidence in children, VHs in a nonverbal population, and the bicameral mind. It is suggested that R. E. Hoffman's discussion of VHs and schzophrenia neglects important considerations (i.e., the history, content, variety, and ubiquity of VHs).
Jaynes, Julian Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind Canadian Psychology, April 1986, Vol. 27 (2): 128-148, Canadian Psychological Association Symposium on Consciousness (1985, Halifax, Canada)
The problem of consciousness and its corollary the mind body problem have been with us at least since Descartes. An approach to a solution to both may be begun by carefully analyzing consciousness into its component features and modes. It will then be seen that consciousness is based on language, in particular its ability to form metaphors and analogies. The result is that consciousness is not a biological genetic giver, but a linguistic skill learned in human history. Previous to that transitional period, human volition consisted of hearing voices called gods, a relationship I am calling the bicameral mind.
Jenner, J.A.; van de Willige, G. (2001): HIT, hallucination focused integrative treatment as early intervention in psychotic adolescents with auditory hallucinations: a pilot study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 103, 148-152
Johns LC, Nazroo JY, Bebbington P, Kuipers E. (2002) Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. The British Journal of Psychiatry 180: 174-178
Background: Hallucinations typically are associated with severe psychiatric illness but also are reported by individuals with no psychiatric history. AIMS: To examine the prevalence of hallucinations in White and ethnic minority samples using data from the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities.
Method: Interviews of 5196 ethnic minority and 2867 White respondents were carried out. The respondents were screened for mental health problems and the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire asked about hallucinations. Those who screened positive underwent a validation interview using the Present State Examination.
Results: Four per cent of the White sample endorsed a hallucination question. Hallucinations were 2.5-fold higher in the Caribbean sample and half as common in the South Asian sample. Of those who reported hallucinatory experiences, only 25% met the criteria for psychosis.
Conclusions: The results provide an estimate of the annual prevalence of hallucinations in the general population. The variation across ethnic groups suggests cultural differences in these experiences. Hallucinations are not invariably associated with psychosis.
Johnson F.H. (1978): The Anatomy of Hallucinations, Nelson Hall, Chicago
S. Jones, A. Guy and J. A. Ormrod (2003), A Q-methodological study of hearing voices: A preliminary exploration of voice hearers’. understanding of their experiencesPsychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (2003), 76, 189–209
Abstract Using Q-methodology and structured interviews, this preliminary study set out to explore how a diverse range of voice hearers construed their experience of hearing voices. Following factor analysis of 20 completed Q-sorts, six factors emerged. Pejorative media stereotypes about voice hearers were rejected, and despite the dominance of the biomedical model in our culture, on no factor did participants adhere to all of the biomedical concepts. All six factors endorsed some elements of psychological discourse on voice-hearing experiences. It is argued that attempting to understand voice hearers within a single theoretical framework may limit or adversely affect engagement and understanding of an individual. Consistent with previous research, users of mental-health services were more likely to nd voices frightening and perceive them as negative experiences than non-users. However, some non-users found managing some of their voices dif cult despite having seemingly positive beliefs about the experience of hearing voices. Comment is made on the potential therapeutic implications of this study along with some acknowledgement of its limitations.
Jung C. G. (1969): Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Pantheon Books, Random House, New York