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Martin P. J. (2000): Hearing voices and listening to those that hear them. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 7 (2), 135–141>
Martindale, B., & International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other Psychoses. (2000). Psychosis : psychological approaches and their effectiveness : putting psychotherapies at the centre of treatment. London: Gaskell for the International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other Psychoses.
McCreery, C. and Claridge, G. A Study of Hallucinations in Normal Subjects Personality and Individual Differences, 1996, 21 (5): 739-747
Abstract
A group of 20 subjects who reported previously experiencing at least one ‘out-of-the-body’ experience (OBE) and a group of 20 matched controls attempted to induce OBEs in the laboratory under conditions of mild sensory limitation and physical relaxation. As predicted, the OBErs were more prone than controls to report hallucinations and involuntary imagery in this situation. The reporting of anomalous perceptual experiences was also positively correlated with scores on schizotypy scales, which measure the incidence of ‘positive’ symptomatology at a sub-clinical level. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of the ‘happy schizotype’—a relatively well-adjusted person who is functional despite, and in some cases even because of, his or her anomalous perceptual experiences.
Terry McLeod, Mervyn Morris, Max Birchwood, Alan Dovey (2007): Work with voice hearers: evaluation of effectiveness of hearing voices groups (parts one and two) , British Journal of Nursing, 2007, Vol 16, No 4
More information including abstract and link to full papers
McGee, R., Williams, S. & Poulton, R. (2000) Hallucinations in nonpsychotic children (letter). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 12-13
Dale E. McNiel, Ph.D., Jane P. Eisner, Ph.D. and Renée L. Binder, M.D. The Relationship Between Command Hallucinations and Violence Psychiatric Services, October 2000, 51:1288-1292
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between command hallucinations and violent behavior.
METHODS:
One hundred and three psychiatric inpatients completed measures of command hallucinations, other psychotic symptoms, violent behavior, and social desirability response biases.
RESULTS:
Thirty percent of the patients reported having had command hallucinations to harm others during the last year, and 22 percent of the patients reported they complied with such commands. Logistic regression analyses suggested that patients who experienced command hallucinations to harm others were more than twice as likely to be violent, even when the analysis controlled for demographic variables, history of substance abuse, and social desirability response biases.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results support the clinical utility of asking about command hallucinations when assessing the risk of violence in patients with major mental disorders.
Sara Meddings, Linda Walley, Tracy Collins, Fay Tullett, Bruce McEwan and Kate Owen, The voices don't like it…, Mental health Today (September 2006),
Abstract
Hearing voices groups have been shown to benefit members by reducing the power and influence of the voices and providing an important source of peer and social support. Sara Meddings and colleagues report the findings of the first ever study to use standardised measures to gauge the impact of attendance at a hearing voices group. Their study quantified statistically significant improvements in participants' ability to live with and even control their voices, as well as collecting evidence of the qualitative benefits of knowing that others are also struggling with what can be a very isolating and alienating phenomenon.
Mertin P., Hartwig, S (2004) Auditory Hallucinations in Nonpsychotic Children: Diagnostic ConsiderationsChild and Adolescent Mental Health, February 2004, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 9-14(6)
Background: Auditory hallucinations in childhood and adolescence are not necessarily an indication of psychosis, but are more frequently associated with a range of other mental health problems. Although not specifically linked to abuse as an aetiological factor, the literature reporting on hallucinations in children alludes to a range of family dysfunction and disruption.
Method: This study reports on the auditory hallucinations of 13 children referred to a community-based child and family mental health service exhibiting a variety of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The presence of the hallucinations was generally revealed during the course of the initial assessment.
Results: None of the children were considered psychotic at initial presentation; however, all were experiencing high levels of stress and/or anxiety in their lives. Following the initial assessments children were given diagnoses ranging from generalised anxiety disorder, through adjustment disorder, to posttraumatic stress disorder. The hallucinations gradually disappeared over the course of therapy. Two case studies describe the hallucinations and family histories in more detail.
Conclusions: The present study adds further confirmation of the presence of auditory hallucinations in nonpsychotic children. The clinical presentation of the children in the present study indicates an association between hallucinations and high levels of stress and anxiety, suggesting that mental health professionals should enquire more routinely about auditory hallucinations, particularly with those children from abusive and violent backgrounds.
Miller L.J., O'Connor R.N & DiPasquale T., (1993), Patients' Attitudes Toward Hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 150, no.4, pp. 584 588
Millham A.; Easton S., Prevalence of auditory hallucinations in nurses in mental health. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, Volume 5, Number 2, April 1998 , pp. 95-99(5)
Abstract: Seventy-nine nurses and student nurses working in the mental health field were asked to complete a questionnaire that asked about the prevalence of their experience of events that might be considered as examples of auditory hallucinations. Eighty-four per cent of the 55 nurses who returned the questionnaire described having experiences that might be described as auditory hallucinations. This level of prevalence is broadly consistent with other studies, and the difference between voices considered to indicate ‘schizophrenia’ and voices perceived as normal or unimportant is discussed. The relevance of these findings for the process of diagnosis and for the attitudes of nurses working in the mental health field towards voices reported by clients is highlighted.
Morrison A.P.; Wells A.; Nothard S. Cognitive and emotional predictors of predisposition to hallucinations in non-patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Volume 41, Number 3, September 2002 , pp. 259-270(12)
Objectives.
This study adapted the Launay Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS) to measure predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations and examine the relationship between meta-cognition and predisposition in a non-psychiatric population. It also tested the hypothesis that individuals highly predisposed to hallucination would show positive and negative meta-cognitive beliefs and report the use of diåerent thought control strategies.
Design.
A within participants correlational design was employed. Methods. A revised LSHS was administered to 105 normal participants who were also asked to complete questionnaires assessing paranoia, meta-cognitive beliefs, thought control strategies, anxiety, depression and beliefs about unusual perceptual experiences.
Results. Two empirically distinct but correlated hallucinatory traits (auditory and visual) were measured by the modified LSHS. Consistent with predictions, it was found that positive beliefs about unusual perceptual experiences were the best predictor of predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations and that those participants who scored higher on predisposition to hallucination used diåerent thought control strategies and had diåerent negative meta-cognitive beliefs in comparison with participants of low predisposition.
Conclusions.
Meta-cognitive beliefs about thoughts and hallucinatory phenomena appear to be implicated in predisposition to hallucination. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.