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John Read, Ph.D. and Nick Argyle, M.R.C.Psych., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P. (1999) Hallucinations, Delusions, and Thought Disorder Among Adult Psychiatric Inpatients With a History of Child Abuse Psychiatric Services, 50:1467-1472, November 1999
Objective: The relationship between three positive symptoms of schizophrenia—hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder—and childhood physical and sexual abuse among psychiatric inpatients was investigated.
Methods: From the records of 100 consecutive admissions to an acute psychiatric inpatient unit in a New Zealand general hospital, the records of the 22 patients in which a history of either physical or sexual childhood abuse was mentioned were examined for data on the frequency and content of hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder.
Results: Seventeen of the 22 patients exhibited one or more of the three symptoms. Half of the symptoms for which content was recorded appeared to be related to the abuse. An analysis of the relationships between types of abuse and specific symptoms suggested that hallucinations may be more common than delusions or thought disorder among patients who have been sexually abused, particularly among those who have experienced incest, and that delusions may be more related to having been physically abused.
Conclusions: The study findings confirmed previous findings of a high frequency of auditory hallucinations, particularly command hallucinations to kill oneself, and paranoid ideation among inpatients with a history of abuse. The hypothesis that the hallucinations of abuse survivors are "pseudohallucinations" was not supported.
Read, J., Agar, K., Argyle, N., & Aderhold, V. (2003). Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychol Psychother, 76(Pt 1), 1-22.
Read, J., Perry, B. D., Moskowitz, A., & Connoly, J. (2001). The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model.
Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64, 319 - 345.Rector and Seeman (1992): Auditory Hallucinations in Women and Men, Schizophrenia Research, vol 7, pp. 233 236
Rees, WD (1971), The hallucinations of widowhood, British Medical Journal, Oct p38
Jennifer B. Ritsher, A Lucksted, P G. Otilingam, and M Grajales, "Hearing voices: Explanations and implications" (2004). Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 27 (3), pp. 219-227
Abstract: Integrating information on voice hearing from multiple disciplines and perspectives, we review current explanatory models and their implications for intervention strategies. Far from always signifying a mental illness, voice hearing may result from other causes, including drug side effects, brain lesions, and culturally-sanctioned phenomena. Accordingly, a wide range of assessment, intervention, and self-management strategies are available and appropriate. We conclude that by offering a diversity of treatment options, eliciting patients' causal theories, and incorporating these into an individualized treatment strategy, clinicians are likely to help clients control the distressing aspects of the voices, minimize stigma and discrimination, and make meaning of the experience.
Roberts, G. (2000). Narrative and severe mental illness: what place do stories have in an evidence based world? Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 6, 432 - 441.
Roberts, G., & Holmes, J. (Eds.). (1999) Healing stories: narrative in psychiatry and psychotherapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
John Robinson, Mental Health Practice (April 2001) Voice of Reason, vol 4, no 7, pp 24-25
Rodrigo, A.M.L., Pineiro, M.M.P., Suarez, P.C.M., Caro, M.I., and Giraldez, S.L. Hallucinations in A Normal Population: Imagery and Personality Influences Psychology in Spain, 1997, Vol. 1. No 1, 10-16
AbstractThe present study was designed to gather data related to the continuum hypothesis of hallucinations. According to this hypothesis, hallucinations can be considered to be one end of a continuum of normal conscious experience that include vivid imagery, daydreams, and thoughts. Subjects were 222 college students who anonymously completed the Hallucination Questionnaire (Barrett and Etheridge, 1994), the Betts QMI Vividness of Imagery Scale (Richardson, 1969), and Millon’s Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II) (Millon, 1983). The results suggest that hallucinators have more vivid imagery and higher scores on most Millon’s Inventory scales compared to non-hallucinators. Nevertheless, a normal distribution of the hallucinatory experiences was not found, which casts doubt on their dimensional nature.
Rogers, R., Gillis, J.R., Turner, R.E., and Frise-Smith, T. The Clinical Presentation of Command Hallucinations in a Forensic Population American Journal of Psychiatry, 1990, 147:1304-1307
Absract
In a forensic population, patients with command hallucinations (N = 25) were compared to two groups of psychotic patients: those with noncommand hallucinations (N = 24) and those without hallucinations (N = 16). The three groups did not differ in overall impairment as measured by the Global Assessment Scale and the Social Behavior Rating Schedule. However, the group with command hallucinations differed in the content of their hallucinations (more aggression, dependency, and self-punishment themes), and nearly one-half did not report or denied their command hallucinations to the assessment team. Many patients (N = 11, 44%) reported that they frequently responded to hallucinatory commands with unquestioning obedience.
Professor Marius Romme and Sandra Escher: Hearing Voices (1989) Schizophrenia Bulletin 15 (2): 209-216
Romme M and Escher S: (Eds.), Accepting Voices (1993, second edition 1998), 258 pages, Mind Publications, London.
Romme M, Honig A, Noorthorn EO & Escher S (1992): Coping with hearing voices: an emanciapatory approach. British Journal of Psychiatry: Jul;161:99-103
AbstractA questionnaire comprising 30 open-ended questions was sent to 450 people with chronic hallucinations of hearing voices who had responded to a request on television. Of the 254 replies, 186 could be used for analysis. It was doubtful whether 13 of these respondents were experiencing true hallucinations. Of the remaining 173 subjects, 115 reported an inability to cope with the voices. Ninety-seven respondents were in psychiatric care, and copers were significantly less often in psychiatric care (24%) than non-copers (49%). Four coping strategies were apparent: distraction, ignoring the voices, selective listening to them, and setting limits on their influence.
Romme M and Escher S (eds): Understanding voices: coping with auditory hallucinations and confusing realities. First published by Rijksuniversitiet Maastricht, Limburg, Holland (1996) and English edition, Handsell Publications
Romme M and Escher S: Making Sense of Voices - A guide for professionals who work with voice hearers: (2000) Mind Publications
M. Romme, A. Escher (1991); Empowering people who hear voices (paper presented at conference held in Liverpool) published in Cognitive Behavioural Interventions with Psychotic Disorders Eds. G. Haddock; P. Slade, Routledge, London, 1996
Prof. Dr. M.A.J Romme; Dr. A. Honig; A. Escher; M. Pennings (1993); Do voices have something to tell us? Paper presented at City and Hackney MIND conference
M. Romme; M. Pennings; A. Buiks; A. Escher; A. Honigs; D. Corstens; B. Ensink (1994); Hearing voices in patients and non-patients paper presented at the World Congress of Social Psychiatry, Hamburg
M. Romme (1996); Auditory hallucinations, psychiatric cases and social handicap. Schizophrenia Bulletin
Rudnick, A Relation Between Command Hallucinations and Dangerous Behavior Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 1999, 27:252-257
Abstract
This article presents an updated review of studies on the relation between command hallucinations and dangerous behavior. The author reviewed all studies published between 1966 and 1997 according to MEDLINE and between 1974 and 1997 according to PSYCLIT. Forty-one studies were found, of which 82.9 percent dealt with the relation between command hallucinations and dangerous behavior. Of these studies, 32.3 percent were controlled, and they were grouped into three partially overlapping classes: those concerned with violent behavior, those concerned with suicidal behavior, and those concerned with mediating variables. Most of these studies agreed on the non-existence of an immediate relation between command hallucinations and dangerous (violent or suicidal) behavior. Even though the studies were divided about the existence of a relation between severity/dangerousness of command content and compliance with the commands, there was agreement about the existence of a direct relation between compliance with commands and both benevolence and familiarity of commanding voice. It seems that the research and knowledge available to date on this subject is both scant and methodologically weak. Future study should probably concentrate on mediating factors, such as appraisal and coping attitudes and behaviors.